The Corruption Formula: Possibilities of Corruption in Government Service Delivery in Liberia
Abstract
Corruption in government services has become a relevant topic of study. This study examines the possibility of corruption in Liberian government services. Previous analyses are still limited to identifying the specific possibilities driving corruption in government services in developing countries. This study uses a qualitative method with a case study approach guided by the Corruption Formula theory across three indicators: monopoly of power (M), discretion by officials (D), and lack of accountability (A), expressed as C=M+D-A. PPrimary data were collected through in-depth interviews with key informants. Secondary data were collected from documentation, journals, newspapers, etc., and analyzed using NVIVO 12 Plus software. The findings revealed the following: (1) service providers have a high monopoly over services, as they often use their dominant positions for personal gain; (2) there is a lot of discretion by officials, giving them the freedom to manipulate systems and engage in illicit activities without clear oversight; and (3) there is limited accountability to hold individuals and institutions answerable for their actions, as officials constantly engage in wrongdoings without facing legal consequences. This study closes the gap in understanding corruption in government services with evidence from Liberia, emphasizing the need for policymakers to enhance the integrity of public services.
Downloads
Download data is not yet available.
References
Addo, A. (2021). Controlling Petty Corruption in Public Administrations of Developing Countries through Digitalization: An Opportunity Theory Informed Study of Ghana Customs. Information Society, 37(2), 99–114. https://doi.org/10.1080/01972243.2020.1870182.
Afrobarometer. (2023). Liberian Say Corruption Is on the Rise, Government Failing in its Anti- Corruption Measures, 9.
Afrobarometer, A. B. (2023). Liberian Say Corruption Is on the Rise, Government Failing in its Anti-Corruption Measures, 9.
Alam, T., Muhammad, A., Zaheer, A., Kamoliddin, M. M. U., & Syed, A. A. B. (2023). Impact of E-Government Initiatives to Combat Corruption Mediating by Behavioral Intention: A Quantitative Analysis from Emerging Economies. Sustainability(Switzerland), 15(3). https://doi.org/10.3390/su15032694.
Amakoh, K. & Oscar, B. (2023). Liberian Cite Corruption and Lack of Professionalism among Police Failings.
Andrade, C. (2021). The Inconvenient Truth About Convenience and Purposive Samples. Indian Journal of Psychological Medicine, 43(1), 86–88. https://doi.org/10.1177/0253717620977000.
Artello, K. & Jay S. A. (2022). "Culture of Corruption: Prosecutions, Persistence, and Desistence. Public Integrity, 24(2), 142–61. https://doi.org/10.1080/10999922.2021.1881300.
Author. (2021). Liberia : Ministry of Transport Reduces Registration Fees for Commercial Vehicles. Front Page Africa, 1–6.
Author. (2023). Liber ia Validates National Maritime Security Strategy. New Dawn Liberia, 1–9.
Bamba, J r., Mohammed , M. (2022). County Service Centers in Liberia: Challenges and Prospects. Front Page Africa, 1–13.
Bereziuk, B,. (2018). The Influence of Patronage Networks on Governance : A Theoretical Model. September, 1–28. https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.30037.68324.
Bestman, D. T. (2021). The Quest To Reform Liberia Education: Case of the Challenges Facing Liberian Education. FrontPage Africa, 1–13.
Boakai, J. R., & Sotheary, P. (2020). The Perceived Need for Audit and Audit Quality in the Public Sector: A Study of Public Corporations in Liberia.
Boakai, J. R., & Sotheary P. (2020). The Perceived Need for Audit and Audit Quality in the Public Sector: A Study of Public Corporations in Liberia Title The Perceived Need for Audit and Audit Quality in the Public Sector: A Study of Public Corporations in Liberia.
Bolatito, A. S. (2023). Corruption: An Impediment to Public Service Delivery in Africa. Twist, 18(4), 104–10.
Bereziuk, B,. (2018). "The Influence of Patronage Networks on Governance: A Theoretical Model. September,1–28. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10049652.
Budgit, L. (2023). Liberia 2023 Approved Budget.
Byrd, R. (2020). Qualitative Research Methods. https://doi.org/10.4337/9781781001295.
CENTAL, Center for Transparency and Accountability. 2023. State of Corruption Report 2023.
CENTAL, Center for Transparency Accountability. 2023. State of Corruption Report 2023.
Ceschel, F., Alessandro H., & Fabian H. (2022). Public Sector Strategies in Curbing Corruption: A Review of the Literature. Public Organization Review, 22(3), 571–91. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11115-022-00639-4.
Chene, M. (2012). O ver view of corruption in Liberia.
Cheong, H. I, Agnieszka, L., Robert H., & Arnab, M.. (2023). Secondary Qualitative Research Methodology Using Online Data within the Context of Social Sciences. International Journal of Qualitative Methods, 22, 1-19. https://doi.org/10.1177/16094069231180160.
Clayeh, J. H. W., & Alline D.(2019). Issuance of Passports Suspended in Liberia Due to Influx ; New DV Regulation Blamed Report. FrontPage Africa, 1–8.
Creswell, J. W. (2014). Research Design Methods Vol. 4.
Desta, Y. (2019). Manifestations and Causes of Civil Service Corruption in the of Developing Countries. Journal of Public Administration and Governance, 9(3), 23. https://doi.org/10.5296/jpag.v9i3.14930.
Dodoo, L. (2020). Liberia: Why Government And Partners Must Prioritize PPCC Operations?. Front Page Africa, 1–6.
Dodoo, L. (2023). Liberia: Samuel Tweah, Albert Chie, Emmanuel Nuquay Sanctioned by The U . S . Front Page Africaca, 1–7.
Editor. 2024. LIBERIA : In Margibi Corruption Scandal, Arrest Warrant Issued for County Health Officials. Independent probe newspapers, 1–13.
Ejue, E. A. (2014). Corruption and Service Delivery in Local Government System in Nigeria: A Content Analysis. International Journal of Business and Social Sciences, 5(101(1)), 98–107.
Eke, G. F. (2016). Corruption in the Civil Service: The Dearth of Effective Service Delivery. International Journal of Arts and Humanities,5(17), 52–66.
Genoway, E. (2019). Liberia Water Sewer Corporation Reacts to Corruption Allegations. Front Page Africa, 1–5.
Geply, M., & Anthony S. (2024). Liberia: Rural Residents Again Forced to Travel to Monrovia for Basic Documents as County Service Centers Fail. Front Page Africa, 1–12.
Gross, A. A., Uriah G. B., & Inioluwa O. (2024). Corruption, Prebendalism and the Fragile State: A Case Study on Liberia. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Sciences (IJRISS), 13(2), 1175–89. https://doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.
Habibov, N., Lida F., & Alena, A. (2019). The Effects of Corruption on Satisfaction with Local and National Governments. Does Corruption 'Grease the Wheels'?. Europe - Asia Studies, 71(5):736–52. https://doi.org/10.1080/09668136.2018.1562044.
Hammarberg, K., M. Kirkman, & S. De Lacey. (2016). Qualitative Research Methods: When to Use Them and How to Judge Them." Human Reproduction, 31(3), 498–501. https://doi.org/10.1093/humrep/dev334.
Indiahono, D. (2021). Bureaucratic Reform by Building Trust in Citizens: Best Practices from Local Online Complaints. Policy & Governance Review, 5(2),146. https://doi.org/10.30589/pgr.v5i2.347.
Ionescu, L., George. L., & Gheorghe, I. (2012). Corruption and Bureaucracy in Public Services. Amfiteatru Economic, 14(6), 665–79.
Jaivey, Y. Y. (2025). Liberia : Jury Acquits Defendants in High-Profile Corruption Case Involving Health Officials. Front Page Africa, 1–7.
Jipoh, E. W. (2023). Suspended Health Officials Demand Audit. New Dan Liberia, 7–10.
Jones, D. S. (2022). Challenges in Combating Corruption in Malaysia: Issues of Leadership, Culture and Money Politics. Public Administration and Policy, 25(2), 136–49. https://doi.org/10.1108/PAP-01-2022-0002.
Joshi, G. R., & Rameshwor, D. (2023). Determinants of Bribery and Corruption in Public Service Delivery: A Case Study in Nepal. Journal of Management Studies and Development, 2(03), 250–61. https://doi.org/10.56741/jmsd.v2i03.392.
Karweye, S. 2022. Liberia: Legitimizing Corruption, the Case of Nathaniel McGill. Daily Observer, 1–4.
Khan, A., Satish K., & Amandeep D. (2021). Electronic Government and Corruption: Systematic Literature Review, Framework, and Agenda for Future Research. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 167. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2021.120737.
Klitgaard, R. (2017). Corruption Across Countries and Cultures.
Kobets, P. N. (2021). Legal Frameworks For International Cooperation Against Corruption: Retrospective Analysis, pp. 470–75 at the International Scientific Conference: Eurpoean Proceedings of Social and Behavioral Sciences.
Koinyeneh, G. C. (2023). Liberia: Massacre Victims, Survivors Want The Armed Forces of Liberia Take Responsibility for Lutheran Church Massacre. Front Page Africa, 1–9.
Koinyeneh, G. C. (2025). Liberia: Police IG Coleman Caught Highway Patrolmen with Plastic of Money Allegedly Extorted from Drivers. Front Page Africaca, 1–7.
Koinyeneh, G. C., & Albert F. (2024). New DEA Chief AB Kromah Blames Joint Security for Spike in Drug Imports at Liberia ' s Borders, Threatens to Withdraw DEA Officers. Front Page Africa, 1–9.
Kromah, A. M. (2015). Causes of Corruption in Private Schools in Monrovia, Liberia.
Kromah, A. M., Mohamed, S., Mohammed, M. D., & Fode B. T. (2023). Triumph in Corruption Irradiation Combat for a Dawn of Liberia. International Journal of Social Science and Human Research, 06(03), 1922–28. https://doi.org/10.47191/ijsshr/v6-i3-69.
Kukutschka, R. M. B. (2013). Liberia : Overview of Public Procurement and Corruption in Liberia.
Lee-jones, K., Roberto M. B., Kukutschka, A. M., & Guillaume N. (2019). Liberia: Overview of Corruption and Anti-Corruption.
Li, S., Wei W., & Min M. (2021). How Does E-Government Affect Corruption? Provincial Panel Evidence from China. IEEE Access, 9, 94879–88. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2021.3093981.
Lomo, G. N. (2023). Corruption And Political Interference Have Ruined Liberia's Judiciary-Says Judge Chineh. News Public Rest, 1–11.
Mabeba, SJ. (2021). "The Impact of Corruption on Service Delivery: A Topical Matter in the South African Municipalities." Business and Management Review, 12(01), 10–12. https://doi.org/10.24052/bmr/v12nu01/ art-16.
Marie, S. (2021a). Corruption : A Significant Barrier to Economic Development and Political Stability in Liberia. Insights into Liberia 1–4.
Marie, S. (2021b). Governance and Corruption: Liberia Has Struggled with Corruption and Governance Challenges. Insights into Liberia 1–2.
Miles, M. B., A. Michael H., & Johnny, S. (2014). Qualitative Data Analysis A Methods Sourcebook Edition.
Naher, N., Roksana, H., Muhammad S. H., Dina, B., Alayne M. A., & Syed, M. A. (2020). "Erratum: Correction to: The Influence of Corruption and Governance in the Delivery of Frontline Health Care Services in the Public Sector: A Scoping Review of Current and Future Prosp ect s in Low a nd M iddl e-I ncome Countries of South and South-East Asia (BM. BMC Public Health, 20(1), 1082. https://doi. org/10.1186/s12889-020-09197-0.
Nambassa, G. (2024). EGDI Impact on Control Corruption in Africa: Exploring E-Government Development Index. Policy & Governance Review, 8(3), 269–83.
Nebo Sr., Dr. Ambrues Monboe. (2023). Introducing Character Education: A Proposed Strategy for Developing Anti-Corruption Culture in Liberia. International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation, X(VII), 84–91. https://doi.org/ 10.51244/ijrsi.2023.10710.
Oladeji, O. (2023). The Influence of Culture on Corruption in Nigeria ' s Internal Security.
Paper, C., & Danilo, A. (2016). Press Freedom, Governance, and Culture of Impunity. The 4th International Conference on Magsaysay Awardees: Good Governance and Transformative Leadership in Asia (May). https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.1.3980.1844.
Peters, B. G., & Carmine, B. (2020). Patronage and the Public Service: A Dynamic Performance Governance Perspective. (July), 215–36. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-42970-6_10.
Peters, L. G. (2023). Liberia : Judicial System Bleeding From Corruption. AllAfrica.Com, 1–2.
Pinandito, D. S. (2022). The Urgency of a System Approach in Efforts to Prevent Corruption in the Procurement of Goods and Services. Ratio Legis Journal, 1(1), 1. https://doi.org/10.30659/rlj.1.1.1-8.
Quoc, B., Dung, Sy T. B., Nga K. T. L., Lan, M. N., Tung, T. D., & Trung, T. (2021). Two Decades of Corruption Research in ASEAN: A Bibliometrics Analysis in Scopus Database (2000–2020). Cogent Social Sciences, 7(1). https://doi.org/10.1080/23311886.2021.2006520.
Ratmono, D., Arini, C., Nur, C., & Darsono, D. (2021). The Problem of Corruption in Government Organizations: Empirical Evidence from Indonesia. Problems and Perspectives in Management, 19(4), 29–39. https://doi. org/10.21511/ppm.19(4).2021.03.
Reporter. (2020). Liberia: ' Follow Procurement, Concession Laws'– PPCC Executive Director Tells Entities. Front Page Africa, 1–6.
Rustiarini, N. W. (2019). The Role of E-Government in Reducing Corruption: A Systematic Review. Jurnal Perspektif Pembiayaan dan Pembangunan Daerah, 7(3), 269–86. https://doi.org/10.22437/ppd.v7i3.8311.
Sadik-Z., Elkhan, R., Andrea, G., & Ibrahim N. (2022). E-Government and Petty Corruption in Public Sector Service Delivery. Technology Analysis and Strategic Management, 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1080/09537325.2022.2067037.
Signé, L . , & Koiffi, K. (2016). Horizontal Accountability and the Challenges for Democratic Consolidation in Africa: Evidence from Liberia. Democratization, 23(7), 1254–71. https://doi.org/10.1080/13510347.2015.1081896.
Soldatenko, I. (2023). Communication Between the Government and the Public As a Factor in Lowering the Risk of Corruption. Access to Justice in Eastern Europe, 6(1), 42–53. https://doi.org/10.33327/AJEE-18-6.1-a000123.
Sungbeh, T. W. (2017). Collaborative Governance and Anticorruption in Postwar Monrovia.
Tingba, W. B. (2021). A Recommendation to National Government for the Digitization of All Sea Ports Across Liberia. Independent Probe 1–14.
Treasury, US Department. (2022). U. S. Department of The Treasury Sanctions Senior Liberian Government Officials for Public Corruption. U.S. Department of the Treasury, 1–4.
Tsutskiridze, M., & Anatoliy B. (2020). The Impact of E-Government on the Level of Corruption. Baltic Journal of Economic Studies, 6(2), 93–99. https://doi.org/10.30525/2256-0742/2020-6-2-93-99.
Wahed, M., & Shakil. (2018). Effectiveness of the Chinese Communist Party's Anti-Corruption Institutions and Policies: A Critical Review Effectiveness of the Chinese Communist Party's Anti-Corruption Institutions and Policies: A Critical Review. Cambridge Journal of China Studies, 11(4), 36–46.
Wang, G., Jiangshan, Y., & Qi, X. (2013). Security Analysis of a Single Sign-on Mechanism for Distributed Computer Networks. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics, 9(1), 294–302. https://doi.org/10.1109/TII.2012.2215877.
Wea, R. Joyclyn. 2023. "Liberia: Whistleblowers Live In Fear." New Republic Liberia, 1–7.
Yunan, Z. Y., & Ayu, A. (2018). Corruption, Poverty, and Economic Growth (Causality Studies among Asean Countries). Journal of Economics and Policy, 11(2), 413–28. https://doi.org/10.15294/jejak.v11i2.16061.
Afrobarometer. (2023). Liberian Say Corruption Is on the Rise, Government Failing in its Anti- Corruption Measures, 9.
Afrobarometer, A. B. (2023). Liberian Say Corruption Is on the Rise, Government Failing in its Anti-Corruption Measures, 9.
Alam, T., Muhammad, A., Zaheer, A., Kamoliddin, M. M. U., & Syed, A. A. B. (2023). Impact of E-Government Initiatives to Combat Corruption Mediating by Behavioral Intention: A Quantitative Analysis from Emerging Economies. Sustainability(Switzerland), 15(3). https://doi.org/10.3390/su15032694.
Amakoh, K. & Oscar, B. (2023). Liberian Cite Corruption and Lack of Professionalism among Police Failings.
Andrade, C. (2021). The Inconvenient Truth About Convenience and Purposive Samples. Indian Journal of Psychological Medicine, 43(1), 86–88. https://doi.org/10.1177/0253717620977000.
Artello, K. & Jay S. A. (2022). "Culture of Corruption: Prosecutions, Persistence, and Desistence. Public Integrity, 24(2), 142–61. https://doi.org/10.1080/10999922.2021.1881300.
Author. (2021). Liberia : Ministry of Transport Reduces Registration Fees for Commercial Vehicles. Front Page Africa, 1–6.
Author. (2023). Liber ia Validates National Maritime Security Strategy. New Dawn Liberia, 1–9.
Bamba, J r., Mohammed , M. (2022). County Service Centers in Liberia: Challenges and Prospects. Front Page Africa, 1–13.
Bereziuk, B,. (2018). The Influence of Patronage Networks on Governance : A Theoretical Model. September, 1–28. https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.30037.68324.
Bestman, D. T. (2021). The Quest To Reform Liberia Education: Case of the Challenges Facing Liberian Education. FrontPage Africa, 1–13.
Boakai, J. R., & Sotheary, P. (2020). The Perceived Need for Audit and Audit Quality in the Public Sector: A Study of Public Corporations in Liberia.
Boakai, J. R., & Sotheary P. (2020). The Perceived Need for Audit and Audit Quality in the Public Sector: A Study of Public Corporations in Liberia Title The Perceived Need for Audit and Audit Quality in the Public Sector: A Study of Public Corporations in Liberia.
Bolatito, A. S. (2023). Corruption: An Impediment to Public Service Delivery in Africa. Twist, 18(4), 104–10.
Bereziuk, B,. (2018). "The Influence of Patronage Networks on Governance: A Theoretical Model. September,1–28. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10049652.
Budgit, L. (2023). Liberia 2023 Approved Budget.
Byrd, R. (2020). Qualitative Research Methods. https://doi.org/10.4337/9781781001295.
CENTAL, Center for Transparency and Accountability. 2023. State of Corruption Report 2023.
CENTAL, Center for Transparency Accountability. 2023. State of Corruption Report 2023.
Ceschel, F., Alessandro H., & Fabian H. (2022). Public Sector Strategies in Curbing Corruption: A Review of the Literature. Public Organization Review, 22(3), 571–91. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11115-022-00639-4.
Chene, M. (2012). O ver view of corruption in Liberia.
Cheong, H. I, Agnieszka, L., Robert H., & Arnab, M.. (2023). Secondary Qualitative Research Methodology Using Online Data within the Context of Social Sciences. International Journal of Qualitative Methods, 22, 1-19. https://doi.org/10.1177/16094069231180160.
Clayeh, J. H. W., & Alline D.(2019). Issuance of Passports Suspended in Liberia Due to Influx ; New DV Regulation Blamed Report. FrontPage Africa, 1–8.
Creswell, J. W. (2014). Research Design Methods Vol. 4.
Desta, Y. (2019). Manifestations and Causes of Civil Service Corruption in the of Developing Countries. Journal of Public Administration and Governance, 9(3), 23. https://doi.org/10.5296/jpag.v9i3.14930.
Dodoo, L. (2020). Liberia: Why Government And Partners Must Prioritize PPCC Operations?. Front Page Africa, 1–6.
Dodoo, L. (2023). Liberia: Samuel Tweah, Albert Chie, Emmanuel Nuquay Sanctioned by The U . S . Front Page Africaca, 1–7.
Editor. 2024. LIBERIA : In Margibi Corruption Scandal, Arrest Warrant Issued for County Health Officials. Independent probe newspapers, 1–13.
Ejue, E. A. (2014). Corruption and Service Delivery in Local Government System in Nigeria: A Content Analysis. International Journal of Business and Social Sciences, 5(101(1)), 98–107.
Eke, G. F. (2016). Corruption in the Civil Service: The Dearth of Effective Service Delivery. International Journal of Arts and Humanities,5(17), 52–66.
Genoway, E. (2019). Liberia Water Sewer Corporation Reacts to Corruption Allegations. Front Page Africa, 1–5.
Geply, M., & Anthony S. (2024). Liberia: Rural Residents Again Forced to Travel to Monrovia for Basic Documents as County Service Centers Fail. Front Page Africa, 1–12.
Gross, A. A., Uriah G. B., & Inioluwa O. (2024). Corruption, Prebendalism and the Fragile State: A Case Study on Liberia. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Sciences (IJRISS), 13(2), 1175–89. https://doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.
Habibov, N., Lida F., & Alena, A. (2019). The Effects of Corruption on Satisfaction with Local and National Governments. Does Corruption 'Grease the Wheels'?. Europe - Asia Studies, 71(5):736–52. https://doi.org/10.1080/09668136.2018.1562044.
Hammarberg, K., M. Kirkman, & S. De Lacey. (2016). Qualitative Research Methods: When to Use Them and How to Judge Them." Human Reproduction, 31(3), 498–501. https://doi.org/10.1093/humrep/dev334.
Indiahono, D. (2021). Bureaucratic Reform by Building Trust in Citizens: Best Practices from Local Online Complaints. Policy & Governance Review, 5(2),146. https://doi.org/10.30589/pgr.v5i2.347.
Ionescu, L., George. L., & Gheorghe, I. (2012). Corruption and Bureaucracy in Public Services. Amfiteatru Economic, 14(6), 665–79.
Jaivey, Y. Y. (2025). Liberia : Jury Acquits Defendants in High-Profile Corruption Case Involving Health Officials. Front Page Africa, 1–7.
Jipoh, E. W. (2023). Suspended Health Officials Demand Audit. New Dan Liberia, 7–10.
Jones, D. S. (2022). Challenges in Combating Corruption in Malaysia: Issues of Leadership, Culture and Money Politics. Public Administration and Policy, 25(2), 136–49. https://doi.org/10.1108/PAP-01-2022-0002.
Joshi, G. R., & Rameshwor, D. (2023). Determinants of Bribery and Corruption in Public Service Delivery: A Case Study in Nepal. Journal of Management Studies and Development, 2(03), 250–61. https://doi.org/10.56741/jmsd.v2i03.392.
Karweye, S. 2022. Liberia: Legitimizing Corruption, the Case of Nathaniel McGill. Daily Observer, 1–4.
Khan, A., Satish K., & Amandeep D. (2021). Electronic Government and Corruption: Systematic Literature Review, Framework, and Agenda for Future Research. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 167. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2021.120737.
Klitgaard, R. (2017). Corruption Across Countries and Cultures.
Kobets, P. N. (2021). Legal Frameworks For International Cooperation Against Corruption: Retrospective Analysis, pp. 470–75 at the International Scientific Conference: Eurpoean Proceedings of Social and Behavioral Sciences.
Koinyeneh, G. C. (2023). Liberia: Massacre Victims, Survivors Want The Armed Forces of Liberia Take Responsibility for Lutheran Church Massacre. Front Page Africa, 1–9.
Koinyeneh, G. C. (2025). Liberia: Police IG Coleman Caught Highway Patrolmen with Plastic of Money Allegedly Extorted from Drivers. Front Page Africaca, 1–7.
Koinyeneh, G. C., & Albert F. (2024). New DEA Chief AB Kromah Blames Joint Security for Spike in Drug Imports at Liberia ' s Borders, Threatens to Withdraw DEA Officers. Front Page Africa, 1–9.
Kromah, A. M. (2015). Causes of Corruption in Private Schools in Monrovia, Liberia.
Kromah, A. M., Mohamed, S., Mohammed, M. D., & Fode B. T. (2023). Triumph in Corruption Irradiation Combat for a Dawn of Liberia. International Journal of Social Science and Human Research, 06(03), 1922–28. https://doi.org/10.47191/ijsshr/v6-i3-69.
Kukutschka, R. M. B. (2013). Liberia : Overview of Public Procurement and Corruption in Liberia.
Lee-jones, K., Roberto M. B., Kukutschka, A. M., & Guillaume N. (2019). Liberia: Overview of Corruption and Anti-Corruption.
Li, S., Wei W., & Min M. (2021). How Does E-Government Affect Corruption? Provincial Panel Evidence from China. IEEE Access, 9, 94879–88. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2021.3093981.
Lomo, G. N. (2023). Corruption And Political Interference Have Ruined Liberia's Judiciary-Says Judge Chineh. News Public Rest, 1–11.
Mabeba, SJ. (2021). "The Impact of Corruption on Service Delivery: A Topical Matter in the South African Municipalities." Business and Management Review, 12(01), 10–12. https://doi.org/10.24052/bmr/v12nu01/ art-16.
Marie, S. (2021a). Corruption : A Significant Barrier to Economic Development and Political Stability in Liberia. Insights into Liberia 1–4.
Marie, S. (2021b). Governance and Corruption: Liberia Has Struggled with Corruption and Governance Challenges. Insights into Liberia 1–2.
Miles, M. B., A. Michael H., & Johnny, S. (2014). Qualitative Data Analysis A Methods Sourcebook Edition.
Naher, N., Roksana, H., Muhammad S. H., Dina, B., Alayne M. A., & Syed, M. A. (2020). "Erratum: Correction to: The Influence of Corruption and Governance in the Delivery of Frontline Health Care Services in the Public Sector: A Scoping Review of Current and Future Prosp ect s in Low a nd M iddl e-I ncome Countries of South and South-East Asia (BM. BMC Public Health, 20(1), 1082. https://doi. org/10.1186/s12889-020-09197-0.
Nambassa, G. (2024). EGDI Impact on Control Corruption in Africa: Exploring E-Government Development Index. Policy & Governance Review, 8(3), 269–83.
Nebo Sr., Dr. Ambrues Monboe. (2023). Introducing Character Education: A Proposed Strategy for Developing Anti-Corruption Culture in Liberia. International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation, X(VII), 84–91. https://doi.org/ 10.51244/ijrsi.2023.10710.
Oladeji, O. (2023). The Influence of Culture on Corruption in Nigeria ' s Internal Security.
Paper, C., & Danilo, A. (2016). Press Freedom, Governance, and Culture of Impunity. The 4th International Conference on Magsaysay Awardees: Good Governance and Transformative Leadership in Asia (May). https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.1.3980.1844.
Peters, B. G., & Carmine, B. (2020). Patronage and the Public Service: A Dynamic Performance Governance Perspective. (July), 215–36. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-42970-6_10.
Peters, L. G. (2023). Liberia : Judicial System Bleeding From Corruption. AllAfrica.Com, 1–2.
Pinandito, D. S. (2022). The Urgency of a System Approach in Efforts to Prevent Corruption in the Procurement of Goods and Services. Ratio Legis Journal, 1(1), 1. https://doi.org/10.30659/rlj.1.1.1-8.
Quoc, B., Dung, Sy T. B., Nga K. T. L., Lan, M. N., Tung, T. D., & Trung, T. (2021). Two Decades of Corruption Research in ASEAN: A Bibliometrics Analysis in Scopus Database (2000–2020). Cogent Social Sciences, 7(1). https://doi.org/10.1080/23311886.2021.2006520.
Ratmono, D., Arini, C., Nur, C., & Darsono, D. (2021). The Problem of Corruption in Government Organizations: Empirical Evidence from Indonesia. Problems and Perspectives in Management, 19(4), 29–39. https://doi. org/10.21511/ppm.19(4).2021.03.
Reporter. (2020). Liberia: ' Follow Procurement, Concession Laws'– PPCC Executive Director Tells Entities. Front Page Africa, 1–6.
Rustiarini, N. W. (2019). The Role of E-Government in Reducing Corruption: A Systematic Review. Jurnal Perspektif Pembiayaan dan Pembangunan Daerah, 7(3), 269–86. https://doi.org/10.22437/ppd.v7i3.8311.
Sadik-Z., Elkhan, R., Andrea, G., & Ibrahim N. (2022). E-Government and Petty Corruption in Public Sector Service Delivery. Technology Analysis and Strategic Management, 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1080/09537325.2022.2067037.
Signé, L . , & Koiffi, K. (2016). Horizontal Accountability and the Challenges for Democratic Consolidation in Africa: Evidence from Liberia. Democratization, 23(7), 1254–71. https://doi.org/10.1080/13510347.2015.1081896.
Soldatenko, I. (2023). Communication Between the Government and the Public As a Factor in Lowering the Risk of Corruption. Access to Justice in Eastern Europe, 6(1), 42–53. https://doi.org/10.33327/AJEE-18-6.1-a000123.
Sungbeh, T. W. (2017). Collaborative Governance and Anticorruption in Postwar Monrovia.
Tingba, W. B. (2021). A Recommendation to National Government for the Digitization of All Sea Ports Across Liberia. Independent Probe 1–14.
Treasury, US Department. (2022). U. S. Department of The Treasury Sanctions Senior Liberian Government Officials for Public Corruption. U.S. Department of the Treasury, 1–4.
Tsutskiridze, M., & Anatoliy B. (2020). The Impact of E-Government on the Level of Corruption. Baltic Journal of Economic Studies, 6(2), 93–99. https://doi.org/10.30525/2256-0742/2020-6-2-93-99.
Wahed, M., & Shakil. (2018). Effectiveness of the Chinese Communist Party's Anti-Corruption Institutions and Policies: A Critical Review Effectiveness of the Chinese Communist Party's Anti-Corruption Institutions and Policies: A Critical Review. Cambridge Journal of China Studies, 11(4), 36–46.
Wang, G., Jiangshan, Y., & Qi, X. (2013). Security Analysis of a Single Sign-on Mechanism for Distributed Computer Networks. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics, 9(1), 294–302. https://doi.org/10.1109/TII.2012.2215877.
Wea, R. Joyclyn. 2023. "Liberia: Whistleblowers Live In Fear." New Republic Liberia, 1–7.
Yunan, Z. Y., & Ayu, A. (2018). Corruption, Poverty, and Economic Growth (Causality Studies among Asean Countries). Journal of Economics and Policy, 11(2), 413–28. https://doi.org/10.15294/jejak.v11i2.16061.
Published
2025-09-02
How to Cite
P. NYELEKER, Kerkulah; DIAN FRIDAYANI, Helen; CHIANG, Li-Chun.
The Corruption Formula: Possibilities of Corruption in Government Service Delivery in Liberia.
, [S.l.], v. 9, n. 3, p. 263-281, sep. 2025.
Available at: <http://www.journal.iapa.or.id/pgr/article/view/1024>. Date accessed: 26 sep. 2025.
doi: https://doi.org/10.30589/pgr.v9i3.1024.
Section
Articles
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
